Studies the distribution of prime numbers in the integers. The Sieve of Eratosthenes finds all primes up to \(N\) in \(\mathcal{O}(N \log \log N)\) time by systematically striking composite multiples of each prime \(p \le \sqrt{N}\). Goldbach's Conjecture (1742) asserts that every even integer \(2n > 2\) can be written as the sum of two primes: \(2n = p_1 + p_2\). Twin Prime Conjecture explores infinitely many prime pairs with gap \(p_{k+1} - p_k = 2\).